Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects people with ovaries, usually during their reproductive years. PCOS is characterized by a combination of symptoms, including:
Irregular periods: Women with PCOS may have infrequent, irregular, or prolonged menstrual cycles, or they may stop menstruating altogether.
Excess androgen levels: Androgens are sometimes referred to as "male hormones," although they are present in both males and females. Women with PCOS may have higher levels of androgens, which can lead to symptoms such as acne, excess facial or body hair (hirsutism), and male-pattern baldness.
Polycystic ovaries: Many—but not all—women with PCOS have ovaries that contain multiple small cysts. These cysts are actually immature follicles, which are fluid-filled sacs that contain eggs. The presence of these cysts can be detected through ultrasound imaging.
In addition to these primary symptoms, PCOS is also associated with various metabolic disturbances, including insulin resistance, which can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Other symptoms and complications of PCOS may include fertility issues, difficulty getting pregnant, mood swings, depression, and sleep apnea.
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance and elevated insulin levels are thought to play a key role in the development of PCOS, as they can disrupt hormone production and lead to abnormal ovarian function.
Diagnosis of PCOS is typically based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, blood tests to measure hormone levels (including androgens and insulin), and imaging tests such as ultrasound to evaluate the ovaries.
Treatment for PCOS focuses on managing symptoms and addressing underlying hormonal imbalances and metabolic issues. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise to improve insulin sensitivity and promote weight loss, medications to regulate menstrual cycles, reduce androgen levels, and improve fertility, and in some cases, surgery to remove ovarian cysts or treat other complications. A multidisciplinary approach involving gynecologists, endocrinologists, nutritionists, and mental health professionals may be beneficial in managing PCOS effectively.
